General theoretical framework for assessing reading and designing practices for its teaching

This article presents a general theoretical framework for the teaching of reading or a didactic model in which it sets out what skills are needed to improve reading comprehension, or better still, a framework that allows proactive strategies to be put in place, which «leave no child behind» and which allow early intervention in learning difficulties to prevent these from becoming more significant and resistant to educational actions. From a psycholinguistic perspective, the knowledge and processes involved in reading comprehension are identified and can be evaluated, taught, and improved, that is, a guide is proposed for designing reading teaching practices. The so-called non-specific aspects of reading (also common to oral language comprehension) are fundamentally reviewed, showing why they are necessary and how to evaluate them. The lexical skills of the reader, the processes of morphosyntactic analysis and semantic integration, the knowledge he or she has about the world, or a particular subject or discipline, and the knowledge he or she has about the organisational structures of texts are analysed.En este artículo se presenta un marco teórico general para la enseñanza de la lectura o modelo didáctico en el que se expone qué habilidades son necesarias para mejorar la comprensión lectora o, mejor aún, un marco que permita poner en marcha estrategias proactivas, que «no dejen a ningún niño atrás» y que permitan intervenir tempranamente en las dificultades de aprendizaje para evitar que estas lleguen a tener más entidad y sean más resistentes a las acciones educativas. Desde la perspectiva psicolingüística, se identifican los conocimientos y procesos que intervienen en la comprensión lectora y que pueden ser evaluados, enseñados y mejorados, es decir, se propone una guía para diseñar prácticas de enseñanza de la lectura. Se revisan fundamentalmente los denominados aspectos no específicos de la lectura (comunes también a la comprensión de la lengua oral), mostrando por qué son necesarios y cómo evaluarlos. Se analizan las competencias léxicas del lector; los procesos de análisis morfosintáctico y de integración semántica; los conocimientos que posee sobre el mundo, un tema particular o una disciplina; y los conocimientos que tiene sobre las estructuras organizativas de los textos

¿El uso de implantes cocleares determina las estrategias lectoras de los estudiantes sordos?

Oral language determines the reading levels and language ability of deaf students. The objective of the present study was to assess both the language competence and the reading strategies used by deaf students with and without a cochlear implant (CI). In a society such as ours, where access to information and communication require high reading competency, the use of cochlear implants in deaf children plays an important role, above all, and to a greater extent, when the implant has been put in place at an early age (before 30 months). The present study reveals that the reading levels of deaf children who received cochlear implants at an early age do not differ significantly from those obtained by hearing children of the same chronological age. However, when the reading strategies used in order to reach this reading level were analysed, it was observed that deaf pupils (with or without cochlear implants) make use of the Keyword Strategy consisting in reading sentences by only processing the words with their own semantic content (nouns, verbs and adjectives) and, from there, processing what they mean without processing the functional words (prepositions, linking words and adverbs). This situation shows the difficulties which deaf pupils have with the morphological processing of language.El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación ha sido evaluar tanto la competencia lingüística como las estrategias de lectura que emplean los estudiantes sordos con y sin implante coclear (IC). En una sociedad como la nuestra, donde el acceso a la información y la comunicación requiere de una buena competencia lectora, el uso de implantes cocleares en niños sordos juega un papel importante, sobre todo, y en mayor medida, cuando el implante ha sido colocado de forma precoz (antes de los 30 meses). El presente trabajo pone de manifiesto que los niveles lectores de los niños sordos implantados precozmente no difieren significativamente de los obtenidos por niños oyentes de su misma edad cronológica. Sin embargo, al analizar las estrategias de lectura empleadas para alcanzar ese nivel lector, se observa cómo los estudiantes sordos (implantados y no implantados) hacen uso de la estrategia de palabras clave, la cual consiste en leer frases procesando únicamente las palabras con contenido semántico propio (sustantivos, verbos y adjetivos) y, a partir de ahí, generar el significado de las mismas sin procesar las palabras funcionales (preposiciones, conjunciones y adverbios). Esta situación muestra las dificultades que los estudiantes sordos tienen con el procesamiento morfosintáctico de la lengua

Diseño de actividades de coordinación entre asignaturas de Psicología y Educación

Memoria ID12-0126. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2012-2013

Las rúbricas analíticas como recurso de evaluación de créditos prácticos en la asignatura de Atención a la Diversidad e Intervención Educativa en NEE

Memoria ID-0172. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2015-2016

Joint multifractal analysis of air temperature, relative humidity and reference evapotranspiration in the middle zone of the Guadalquivir river valley

Previous works have analysed the relationship existing between reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and other climatic variables under a one-at-a-time perturbation condition. However, due to the physical relationships between these climatic variables is advisable to study their joint influence on ET0. The box-counting joint multifractal algorithm describes the relations between variables using relevant information extracted from the data singularities. This work investigated the use of this algorithm to describe the simultaneous behaviour of ET0, calculated by means of Penman–Monteith (PM) equation, and the two main climatic variables, relative humidity (RH) and air temperature (T), influencing on it in the middle zone of the Guadalquivir river valley, Andalusia, southern Spain. The studied cases were grouped according to the fractal dimension values, obtained from the global multifractal analysis, which were related to their probability of occurrence. The most likely cases were linked to smooth behaviour and weak dependence between variables, both circumstances were detected in the local multifractal analysis. For these cases, the rest of Penman Monteith (PM) equation variables, neither the T nor the RH, seemed to influence on ET0 determination, especially when low T values were involved. By contrast, the least frequent cases were those with variables showing high fluctuations and strong relationship between them. In these situations, when T is low, the ET0 is affected by the rest of PM equation variables. This fact confirmed T as main driver of ET0 because the higher T values the lesser influence of other climate variables on ET0. This condition could not be extended to RH because the variability in ET0 singularities was not significantly influenced by low or high values of this variable. These results show that the joint multifractal analysis can be regarded as a suitable tool for describing the complex relationship between ET0, T and RH, providing additional information to that derived from descriptive statistics. Although, joint multifractal analysis shows some limitations when it is applied to large number of variables, the results reported are promising and suggest the convenience of exploring the relationships between ET0 and other climatic variables not considered here with this framework such as wind speed and net radiation

Elaboración de recursos docentes multimedia para asignaturas de Grado de Educación y Psicología

Memoria ID-0168. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2013-2014

Desarrollo e implementación de material docente audiovisual y multimedia en asignaturas de grado de Educación y Psicología

Memoria ID12-0089. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2012-2013

Nuevas técnicas de evaluación en el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH)

Este estudio pretende conocer la evolución general del proceso de diagnóstico y cuál será su futuro inmediato en el TDAH, profundizando en dos nuevas técnicas objetivas como son el EEG y el HEG. En primer lugar se pretende situar las perspectivas futuras en TDAH a corto y medio plazo. Intentando entender la realidad actual y el nuevo espectro de oportunidades que se nos abre en este sentido. En segundo lugar, específicamente se plantea el objetivo de conocer específicamente la técnica de la hemoencefalografía HEG y su antecedente inmediato EEG. Intentando mostrar sus bases biológicas, su utilidad y su accesibilidad en el diagnóstico. Así como también, completándolo con otras medidas relacionadas como puede ser el TOVA test, con una gran eficiencia y fiabilidad en el diagnóstico y seguimiento del TDAH. Todas las aportaciones teóricas, tratan de condensarse en las conclusiones aportando nuevas medidas más objetivas en el diagnóstico del TDAH, así como más sencillas de aplicar. Se discuten las implicaciones educativas de las ideas relatadas

Correction : Chaparro et al. Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain: Large-Scale Epidemiological Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2885

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain : Large-Scale Epidemiological Study

(1) Aims: To assess the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain, to describe the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics at diagnosis and the evolution of the disease, and to explore the use of drug treatments. (2) Methods: Prospective, population-based nationwide registry. Adult patients diagnosed with IBD-Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) or IBD unclassified (IBD-U)-during 2017 in Spain were included and were followed-up for 1 year. (3) Results: We identified 3611 incident cases of IBD diagnosed during 2017 in 108 hospitals covering over 22 million inhabitants. The overall incidence (cases/100,000 person-years) was 16 for IBD, 7.5 for CD, 8 for UC, and 0.5 for IBD-U; 53% of patients were male and median age was 43 years (interquartile range = 31-56 years). During a median 12-month follow-up, 34% of patients were treated with systemic steroids, 25% with immunomodulators, 15% with biologics and 5.6% underwent surgery. The percentage of patients under these treatments was significantly higher in CD than UC and IBD-U. Use of systemic steroids and biologics was significantly higher in hospitals with high resources. In total, 28% of patients were hospitalized (35% CD and 22% UC patients, p < 0.01). (4) Conclusion: The incidence of IBD in Spain is rather high and similar to that reported in Northern Europe. IBD patients require substantial therapeutic resources, which are greater in CD and in hospitals with high resources, and much higher than previously reported. One third of patients are hospitalized in the first year after diagnosis and a relevant proportion undergo surgery